Indian Spot-billed Duck
Scientific Name: Anas poecilorhyncha
Physical Features: The Indian Spot-billed Duck is a medium-sized waterfowl with a body length of 55-65 cm and a wingspan of approximately 83-95 cm. It has a dark brown body with a mottled appearance and pale underparts. Its most distinctive feature is the yellow-tipped black bill with characteristic black spots. Males and females have similar plumage, though males are generally slightly larger. During flight, the iridescent green speculum on the wings, bordered by white, becomes visible. The legs and feet are orange to red, contributing to their striking appearance.
Habitat: This species is commonly found in a variety of freshwater habitats, including lakes, marshes, ponds, and slow-flowing rivers. They prefer shallow water bodies with abundant vegetation, which provides ample food and cover. They are largely sedentary across the Indian subcontinent but may move locally in search of food and favorable conditions.
Behavior: Indian Spot-billed Ducks are surface feeders, primarily feeding on aquatic plants, seeds, and small invertebrates like mollusks, insects, and crustaceans. They forage by dabbling in the water, often upending to reach submerged vegetation. Typically seen in pairs or small groups, they are social birds but can become territorial during the breeding season. Their daily activity peaks during the early morning and late afternoon.
Conservation Status: Least Concern
Unique Traits: One of the few resident dabbling duck species in India, they are easily distinguishable from other ducks due to their unique bill pattern. They exhibit strong site fidelity, often returning to the same wetlands each year for breeding.
Vocalizations: They are generally quiet birds but can produce soft, high-pitched quacking sounds, especially during the breeding season when males become more vocal. Males give softer calls compared to females. Their communication also includes low-pitched honks, which are less frequent than in other duck species.
Breeding and Reproduction: Breeding usually takes place during the monsoon season, from June to September. They build their nests in dense vegetation near water bodies, laying 6-12 eggs per clutch. The female incubates the eggs for around 24-26 days, while the male guards the territory. Ducklings are precocial, meaning they are able to swim and feed shortly after hatching.
Ecological Importance: Indian Spot-billed Ducks play a significant role in maintaining the health of freshwater ecosystems. As herbivores and omnivores, they help in controlling the growth of aquatic plants and invertebrates. Their droppings also contribute to nutrient cycling in wetlands, supporting aquatic life. Additionally, they serve as prey for predators like raptors and carnivorous mammals.